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BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS › BLOOD SUBSTITUTES AND PERFUSION SOLUTIONS › I.V. SOLUTIONS › Solutions affecting the electrolyte balance
electrolytes in combination with other drugs
B05BB04
Forms & Strengths
- Intravenous infusion solutions containing combinations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, acetate, and/or gluconate
- Various osmolarities (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic)
- Available in flexible plastic containers ranging from 100 mL to 1000 mL
Adult Dosing
- Dose and infusion rate individualized based on patient age, weight, clinical condition, and laboratory parameters
- Typical maintenance fluid replacement: 1500 to 2500 mL/24 hours IV
- Maximum infusion rate generally not to exceed 1 mEq/kg/hour for potassium-containing solutions
Pediatric Dosing
- Dose calculated based on metabolic needs, body weight, and surface area
- Holliday-Segar method often used for maintenance fluid calculation (100 mL/kg/day for first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for next 10 kg, 20 mL/kg/day thereafter)
- Strict monitoring of serum electrolytes and fluid balance is required
Indications
- Source of water and electrolytes for parenteral hydration and maintenance
- Correction of mild to moderate extracellular fluid volume deficits
- Restoration or maintenance of acid-base equilibrium
Mechanism of Action
- Provides essential ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) to restore and maintain normal extracellular fluid osmolarity and electrolyte homeostasis
- Precursor anions (such as acetate or gluconate) are metabolized to bicarbonate to buffer metabolic acidosis
Contraindications
- Clinically significant hypernatremia or hyperkalemia
- Severe renal impairment with oliguria or anuria
- Fluid overload states (e.g., severe congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema)
Adverse Reactions
- Fluid overload, hypervolemia, and pulmonary edema
- Electrolyte disturbances (hypernatremia, hypokalemia, or hyperkalemia depending on specific solution)
- Infusion site reactions, including phlebitis, extravasation, and infection
Drug Interactions
- Potassium-sparing diuretics or ACE inhibitors may increase the risk of severe hyperkalemia
- Corticosteroids may be associated with sodium and fluid retention
- Thiazide diuretics may reduce renal excretion of sodium and increase calcium reabsorption
Curated Content: Needs Vetting Before Put to Clinical Use