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theobromine

C03BD01

Forms & Strengths

Oral: Capsules (e.g., 500 mg)
Oral: Tablets (e.g., 500 mg)
Botanical/Dietary supplement preparations (variable strengths)

Adult Dosing

Diuresis / Bronchodilation: 300 mg to 500 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed
Maximum daily dose: 1.5 g to 2 g daily to avoid toxicity

Pediatric Dosing

Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric populations
Not recommended for routine pediatric use due to narrow therapeutic index and risk of central nervous system stimulation

Indications

Historically used as a mild diuretic
Adjunctive treatment for bronchial asthma and bronchospasm
Vasodilator properties in clinical research settings

Mechanism of Action

Non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, increasing intracellular cAMP
Competitive antagonism of adenosine receptors
Produces smooth muscle relaxation (specifically bronchial and vascular), myocardial stimulation, and mild diuresis

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to theobromine, caffeine, or other methylxanthines
Severe cardiovascular disease, unstable angina, or recent myocardial infarction
Severe hepatic impairment

Adverse Reactions

Central nervous system: Insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, tremors, headache
Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, hypotension
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, increased gastric acid secretion
Renal: Diuresis, mild urinary frequency

Drug Interactions

Other methylxanthines (e.g., caffeine, theophylline): Additive stimulant and adverse effects
CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine, fluoroquinolones): May decrease theobromine clearance and increase toxicity risk
Sympathomimetics: Enhanced cardiovascular stimulation and arrhythmia risk

Curated Content: Needs Vetting Before Put to Clinical Use